How time flies…..there’s
come to the last lecture of telecommunication and networking.
For me, telecommunication
and networking is informative and at the same time, it brings a lot of fun. I appreciate
the moment when I attend this class. It was a sweet and memorable experience.
Okey, now back to our topic.
J
Internet in simple
terms is a network of the interlinked computer networking worldwide, which is
accessible to the general public. These interconnected computers work by
transmitting data through a special type of packet switching which is known as
the IP or the internet protocol.
INTERNET
INFRASTRUCUTRE
Network infrastructure, is
also commonly used to refer to the grouping of physical hardware and logical
components which are needed to provide a number of features for the network.
Hierarchy
of network:
-From single computer
to LAN
-From LAN to ISP
-From ISP to www
INTERNET
PROTOCOL
Internet protocol (IP)
is a connectionless, routable protocol which performs addressing and routing
functions. IP places data into packets, and removes data from packets. The use
of IP in the Internet is the integral part of the network, as they provide the
services of the internet, through different layers organization through the IP
data packets. There are other protocols that are the sub-classes of the IP
itself, like the TCP, and the HTTP.
Every computer assign a
unique IP address. IP address consist of 32 bits (shown as 4 octets of numbers
from 0-225 represented in decimal form instead of binary.
Internet
Protocol Address( IP address)
Each
computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that
uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
IP
address consists of 2 part:
1) Identifying
the network
2) Identifying the
node/host
The
“classful” IP addressing scheme divides the total IP address space into five
classes, A through E. We can determine in advance which address ranges belong
to each class. It also means the opposite is possible: we can identify which
class is associated with any address by examining just a few bits of the
address.
- If the first bit is a “0”, it's a class A address and
we're done. (Half the address space has a “0” for the first bit, so this
is why class A takes up half the address space.) If it's a “1”, continue
to step two.
- If the second bit is a “0”, it's a class B address and
we're done. (Half of the remaining non-class-A addresses, or one quarter
of the total.) If it's a “1”, continue to step three.
- If the third bit is a “0”, it's a class C address and
we're done. (Half again of what's left, or one eighth of the total.) If
it's a “1”, continue to step four.
- If the fourth bit is a “0”, it's a class D address.
(Half the remainder, or one sixteenth of the address space.) If it's a
“1”, it's a class E address. (The other half, one sixteenth.)
IP
Address Class
|
First
Octet of IP Address
|
Lowest
Value of First Octet (binary)
|
Highest
Value of First Octet (binary)
|
Range
of First Octet Values (decimal)
|
Octets
in Network ID / Host ID
|
Theoretical
IP Address Range
|
Class
A
|
0xxx xxxx
|
0000 0001
|
0111 1110
|
1
to 126
|
1
/ 3
|
1.0.0.0 to126.255.255.255
|
Class
B
|
10xx xxxx
|
1000 0000
|
1011 1111
|
128
to 191
|
2
/ 2
|
128.0.0.0 to191.255.255.255
|
Class
C
|
110x xxxx
|
1100 0000
|
1101 1111
|
192
to 223
|
3
/ 1
|
192.0.0.0 to223.255.255.255
|
Class
D
|
1110 xxxx
|
1110 0000
|
1110 1111
|
224
to 239
|
—
|
224.0.0.0
to 239.255.255.255
|
Class
E
|
1111 xxxx
|
1111 0000
|
1111 1111
|
240
to 255
|
—
|
240.0.0.0
to 255.255.255.255
|
IP Address Class Bit Patterns, First-Octet Ranges and Address
Ranges
Domain
Name System (DNS)
The DNS translates Internet domain and host
names to IP addresses. DNS automatically
converts the names we type in our Web browser address bar to the IP addresses
of Web servers hosting those sites.
For example: www.yahoo.com is converted into numerical IP
address 204.62.131.129.
Domain Name System |
Internet
Service Provider (ISP)
An ISP
is also called as IAP (Internet Access Provider). An ISP is a company that supplies Internet
connectivity to home and business customers. ISPs support one or more forms of
Internet access, ranging from traditional modem dial-up to DSL and cable modem broadband service. In addition to basic connectivity, many
ISPs also offer related Internet services like email, Web hosting and access to
software tools. A few companies also offer free ISP service to those who need occasional
Internet connectivity. These free offerings feature limited connect time and
are often bundled with some other product or service.
ISP in Malaysia |
ISP in Malaysia |
ISP in Malaysia |
HTTP(Hypertext
Transfer Protocol)
HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text,
graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP
is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundation protocols for the
Internet).
A standard web address (such as
http://www.google.com/
) is called a URL; the prefix (http
in the
example) indicates its protocol.
How
Does HTTP Work?
HTTP Is a
request-response protocol. For example,
a Web browser initiates a
request to a server,
typically by opening a TCP/IP connection.
The request itself
comprises
ü A
request line,
ü A
set of request headers, and
ü An
entity.
The server sends a
response that comprises
ü A
status line,
ü A
set of response headers, and
ü An
entity.
The entity in the
request or response can be thought of simply as the payload,
which may be binary
data. The other items are readable ASCII
characters. When the
response has been
completed, either the browser or the server may terminate the
TCP/IP connection, or
the browser can send another request.
Now I would like to
share a video which shows the journey from domain name to a website….enjoy^^